| The first excerpt represents the element of Air. It speaks of mental influences and the process of thought, and is drawn from Democracy In America, Volume 2 by Alexis de Toqueville: naturally limited, whilst the number of competitors is almost
unlimited, and as the strict law of equality is over all alike,
none can make rapid progress - many can make no progress at all.
Thus the desire of advancement is greater, and the opportunities
of advancement fewer, there than elsewhere. All the ambitious
spirits of a democratic army are consequently ardently desirous
of war, because war makes vacancies, and warrants the violation
of that law of seniority which is the sole privilege natural to
democracy.
We thus arrive at this singular consequence, that of all
armies those most ardently desirous of war are democratic armies,
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The second excerpt represents the element of Fire. It speaks of emotional influences and base passions, and is drawn from The Unseen World and Other Essays by John Fiske: powers of despotism, and the abnormal development of loyalty and
bigotry, were not the only evil results of the chronic struggle
in which Spain had been engaged. For many centuries, while
Christian Spain had been but a fringe of debatable border-land on
the skirts of the Moorish kingdom, perpetual guerilla warfare had
rendered consecutive labour difficult or impracticable; and the
physical configuration of the country contributed in bringing
about this result. To plunder the Moors across the border was
easier than to till the ground at home. Then as the Spaniards,
exemplifying the military superiority of the feudal over the
sultanic form of social organization, proceeded steadily to
 The Unseen World and Other Essays |